1 00:00:09,080 --> 00:00:04,880 NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2 00:00:11,509 --> 00:00:09,090 presents the von Karman lecture a series 3 00:00:14,150 --> 00:00:11,519 of talks by scientists and engineers who 4 00:00:16,640 --> 00:00:14,160 are exploring our planet our solar 5 00:00:23,950 --> 00:00:16,650 system and all that lies beyond 6 00:00:26,690 --> 00:00:23,960 [Music] 7 00:00:28,910 --> 00:00:26,700 good evening folks I am Brian White from 8 00:00:31,370 --> 00:00:28,920 JPL's office of communication and 9 00:00:33,590 --> 00:00:31,380 education and welcome to another edition 10 00:00:37,460 --> 00:00:33,600 of a remote version of the von Karman 11 00:00:39,320 --> 00:00:37,470 series now tonight as this reaches you 12 00:00:41,600 --> 00:00:39,330 at home wherever in the world that may 13 00:00:43,130 --> 00:00:41,610 be I want you to think about the 14 00:00:45,979 --> 00:00:43,140 logistics of how it's getting there 15 00:00:48,110 --> 00:00:45,989 these small moments of Engineering these 16 00:00:50,869 --> 00:00:48,120 small miracles that make what we're 17 00:00:53,000 --> 00:00:50,879 doing right now possible think about 18 00:00:55,160 --> 00:00:53,010 some of these things as we discuss the 19 00:00:57,229 --> 00:00:55,170 deep space network and how our 20 00:00:59,720 --> 00:00:57,239 conversation with the universe starts 21 00:01:01,640 --> 00:00:59,730 here and before we get started a few 22 00:01:03,920 --> 00:01:01,650 quick reminders we ask if there are any 23 00:01:05,660 --> 00:01:03,930 technical issues if any of them come up 24 00:01:07,070 --> 00:01:05,670 we ask that you stick with us we're 25 00:01:09,350 --> 00:01:07,080 gonna get them sorted out we'll be with 26 00:01:12,380 --> 00:01:09,360 you as best as we can we also want you 27 00:01:14,060 --> 00:01:12,390 to be involved in this conversation if 28 00:01:16,160 --> 00:01:14,070 you're joining us on YouTube or Facebook 29 00:01:17,870 --> 00:01:16,170 live you'll notice that there is a chat 30 00:01:18,320 --> 00:01:17,880 window now if you don't see the chat 31 00:01:20,420 --> 00:01:18,330 window 32 00:01:22,520 --> 00:01:20,430 don't fear just reload your page and 33 00:01:24,530 --> 00:01:22,530 refresh it and it should be right there 34 00:01:25,639 --> 00:01:24,540 so ask questions throughout the night 35 00:01:28,730 --> 00:01:25,649 and we'll bring them into our 36 00:01:29,959 --> 00:01:28,740 conversation as many of these questions 37 00:01:31,670 --> 00:01:29,969 as we possibly can throughout the 38 00:01:33,440 --> 00:01:31,680 evening and helping us out with these 39 00:01:35,029 --> 00:01:33,450 questions tonight is the manager for 40 00:01:37,929 --> 00:01:35,039 solar system Public Engagement and 41 00:01:43,219 --> 00:01:37,939 networks Heather Doyle hi Heather 42 00:01:44,510 --> 00:01:43,229 hello welcome so thanks Heather what we 43 00:01:44,899 --> 00:01:44,520 can see a lot of Heather throughout the 44 00:01:46,340 --> 00:01:44,909 evening 45 00:01:50,380 --> 00:01:46,350 but let's introduce our speaker for this 46 00:01:52,480 --> 00:01:50,390 evening dr. Joseph Lazio welcome Joe 47 00:01:54,590 --> 00:01:52,490 greetings 48 00:01:59,090 --> 00:01:54,600 thanks for joining us here on this 49 00:02:02,929 --> 00:01:59,100 Thursday evening what do you do for the 50 00:02:07,310 --> 00:02:02,939 deep space network I am the chief 51 00:02:09,740 --> 00:02:07,320 scientist of the deep space network so 52 00:02:13,130 --> 00:02:09,750 that means for the portion of JPL that 53 00:02:14,750 --> 00:02:13,140 manages the DSM we often this being NASA 54 00:02:18,740 --> 00:02:14,760 right everything's acronyms so it's the 55 00:02:20,900 --> 00:02:18,750 DSN I think about all the different ways 56 00:02:23,090 --> 00:02:20,910 that we can get science out of the DSM 57 00:02:25,940 --> 00:02:23,100 and that's gonna be I think one of the 58 00:02:27,710 --> 00:02:25,950 things that we explore this evening very 59 00:02:29,839 --> 00:02:27,720 cool well let's get right into it let's 60 00:02:31,790 --> 00:02:29,849 bring up our first image and let's talk 61 00:02:33,550 --> 00:02:31,800 about what is the DSN what's the Deep 62 00:02:36,620 --> 00:02:33,560 Space Network 63 00:02:39,080 --> 00:02:36,630 yeah this this is of course not the DSM 64 00:02:42,800 --> 00:02:39,090 this is the Mars Curiosity rover it's a 65 00:02:44,240 --> 00:02:42,810 selfie that it took and of course one of 66 00:02:46,520 --> 00:02:44,250 the one of the events that we are 67 00:02:48,620 --> 00:02:46,530 anticipating late this month is the 68 00:02:51,260 --> 00:02:48,630 launch of the Mars perseverance forever 69 00:02:54,800 --> 00:02:51,270 which will will join curiosity roaming 70 00:02:57,080 --> 00:02:54,810 around the surface of Mars but have you 71 00:02:59,150 --> 00:02:57,090 ever wondered how those selfies all 72 00:03:01,370 --> 00:02:59,160 those images get back from the surface 73 00:03:03,020 --> 00:03:01,380 of Mars because you know the soap that 74 00:03:05,750 --> 00:03:03,030 picture doesn't show an internet cable 75 00:03:07,190 --> 00:03:05,760 from the rover to earth right I don't I 76 00:03:10,070 --> 00:03:07,200 don't think the Wi-Fi and Mars is all 77 00:03:13,430 --> 00:03:10,080 that great yeah so if we bring up our 78 00:03:18,710 --> 00:03:13,440 second image we see one of the smaller 79 00:03:22,100 --> 00:03:18,720 antennas in the DSN this antenna is it's 80 00:03:23,660 --> 00:03:22,110 a 34 meter diameter antenna if you want 81 00:03:27,520 --> 00:03:23,670 to think about it it's about 120 feet 82 00:03:30,140 --> 00:03:27,530 but officially 34 meters located outside 83 00:03:33,560 --> 00:03:30,150 well it's at Goldstone California so 84 00:03:36,140 --> 00:03:33,570 it's kind of between Los Angeles and Las 85 00:03:38,360 --> 00:03:36,150 Vegas you go a third of the way and turn 86 00:03:41,870 --> 00:03:38,370 left and this is one of the connections 87 00:03:44,570 --> 00:03:41,880 between the universe and us so data from 88 00:03:46,820 --> 00:03:44,580 Mars in fact all over the solar system 89 00:03:49,449 --> 00:03:46,830 come down through this anti or one of 90 00:03:51,920 --> 00:03:49,459 its sister intents 91 00:03:54,199 --> 00:03:51,930 so that brings up a good point because 92 00:04:00,140 --> 00:03:54,209 we keep calling it the Deep Space 93 00:04:04,430 --> 00:04:00,150 Network what specifically do we consider 94 00:04:05,690 --> 00:04:04,440 deep space that that's an excellent 95 00:04:09,680 --> 00:04:05,700 question 96 00:04:12,310 --> 00:04:09,690 deep space we consider it anything 97 00:04:14,860 --> 00:04:12,320 beyond us there's a special orbit called 98 00:04:17,210 --> 00:04:14,870 sometimes goes by geosync or 99 00:04:20,599 --> 00:04:17,220 geostationary sorry geosynchronous or 100 00:04:24,680 --> 00:04:20,609 geostationary often just abbreviated to 101 00:04:27,230 --> 00:04:24,690 geo and if you place a satellite there 102 00:04:30,830 --> 00:04:27,240 it has an orbital period of one day 103 00:04:32,960 --> 00:04:30,840 which means as you look at the satellite 104 00:04:35,990 --> 00:04:32,970 in the sky it essentially stays in about 105 00:04:39,680 --> 00:04:36,000 the same spot in the sky once you go 106 00:04:42,320 --> 00:04:39,690 beyond that it becomes increasingly more 107 00:04:46,290 --> 00:04:42,330 difficult to communicate with spacecraft 108 00:04:48,439 --> 00:04:46,300 so beyond geo is the moon 109 00:04:53,670 --> 00:04:48,449 and essentially the rest of the universe 110 00:04:55,860 --> 00:04:53,680 so all of getting to getting to sending 111 00:04:58,529 --> 00:04:55,870 commands up and getting data down from 112 00:05:00,659 --> 00:04:58,539 spacecraft beyond geo is what we think 113 00:05:03,719 --> 00:05:00,669 of as deep space and that's what the DSN 114 00:05:05,249 --> 00:05:03,729 is designed to do mm-hmm well let's take 115 00:05:07,260 --> 00:05:05,259 a look at another one of those antennas 116 00:05:10,860 --> 00:05:07,270 bring up image 3 I love this one in 117 00:05:12,809 --> 00:05:10,870 particular that's Doug Doug is about my 118 00:05:15,960 --> 00:05:12,819 height about 5 foot 10 and he looks like 119 00:05:16,800 --> 00:05:15,970 a cactus in front of that so helping how 120 00:05:18,899 --> 00:05:16,810 does this help out with this 121 00:05:22,140 --> 00:05:18,909 geosynchronous orbit by I mean explain 122 00:05:23,969 --> 00:05:22,150 to us how this really helps out with 123 00:05:25,350 --> 00:05:23,979 that by keeping beyond that point 124 00:05:29,730 --> 00:05:25,360 because we're always spinning much to 125 00:05:31,469 --> 00:05:29,740 our chagrin yeah yeah and in fact you 126 00:05:33,270 --> 00:05:31,479 notice I called the previous antenna one 127 00:05:34,469 --> 00:05:33,280 of our smaller ones this is a 70-meter 128 00:05:36,330 --> 00:05:34,479 antenna which means you could almost 129 00:05:38,879 --> 00:05:36,340 play a football team in it and our 130 00:05:41,790 --> 00:05:38,889 antennas are so big because once you get 131 00:05:45,300 --> 00:05:41,800 me on geo it becomes the signals become 132 00:05:48,209 --> 00:05:45,310 increasingly faint so to pick them up we 133 00:05:52,680 --> 00:05:48,219 need increasingly large antennas and if 134 00:05:55,200 --> 00:05:52,690 we go to the next image you'll see that 135 00:05:57,390 --> 00:05:55,210 as you as you said we're always spinning 136 00:05:59,430 --> 00:05:57,400 so I talked about the antennas at 137 00:06:02,730 --> 00:05:59,440 Goldstone these the two pictures we've 138 00:06:05,100 --> 00:06:02,740 seen a book than Goldstone but sometimes 139 00:06:07,740 --> 00:06:05,110 Goldstone can't see a spacecraft so 140 00:06:09,240 --> 00:06:07,750 there are three DSN complexes there's 141 00:06:11,459 --> 00:06:09,250 one in California 142 00:06:14,219 --> 00:06:11,469 Goldstone there's one just outside 143 00:06:16,769 --> 00:06:14,229 Madrid the capital of Spain and one just 144 00:06:19,649 --> 00:06:16,779 outside outside Canberra the capital 145 00:06:22,320 --> 00:06:19,659 ball strike and if you look at this map 146 00:06:24,269 --> 00:06:22,330 map what you'll see is they're about the 147 00:06:26,939 --> 00:06:24,279 same distance apart and what that means 148 00:06:29,159 --> 00:06:26,949 is that no matter where a spacecraft is 149 00:06:32,159 --> 00:06:29,169 in the solar system we can we can either 150 00:06:34,379 --> 00:06:32,169 send commands up to it a point to it or 151 00:06:35,850 --> 00:06:34,389 we can receive data from it down so if 152 00:06:39,570 --> 00:06:35,860 you go to the next image which is 153 00:06:41,670 --> 00:06:39,580 actually a movie we show this visually 154 00:06:43,950 --> 00:06:41,680 if you imagine that you're a spacecraft 155 00:06:47,309 --> 00:06:43,960 somewhere in the solar system as the 156 00:06:49,680 --> 00:06:47,319 world turns you can see the complexes 157 00:06:51,510 --> 00:06:49,690 rotate in and out of you but no matter 158 00:06:53,159 --> 00:06:51,520 where you might imagine yourself to be 159 00:06:56,550 --> 00:06:53,169 in the solar system as long as you're 160 00:06:58,800 --> 00:06:56,560 above geo you can always see one or more 161 00:06:59,879 --> 00:06:58,810 the DSN complexes and we can always send 162 00:07:02,730 --> 00:06:59,889 a command up or get 163 00:07:04,409 --> 00:07:02,740 dated down so no matter where you go 164 00:07:07,140 --> 00:07:04,419 there we are with the Deep Space Network 165 00:07:09,600 --> 00:07:07,150 and it's but I just want to make sure 166 00:07:11,100 --> 00:07:09,610 clear on this it's not just us it's not 167 00:07:14,399 --> 00:07:11,110 just NASA in particular there's a lot of 168 00:07:15,450 --> 00:07:14,409 international cooperation with this what 169 00:07:16,800 --> 00:07:15,460 are what are some of the missions that 170 00:07:20,010 --> 00:07:16,810 we're helping out or we're working with 171 00:07:22,019 --> 00:07:20,020 on this yeah that's a great question if 172 00:07:26,189 --> 00:07:22,029 we go to the next image so this image 173 00:07:28,290 --> 00:07:26,199 actually shows the top three rows are 174 00:07:31,170 --> 00:07:28,300 the current missions that are being 175 00:07:33,839 --> 00:07:31,180 enabled by the DSN all over the solar 176 00:07:35,550 --> 00:07:33,849 system the bottom row is future missions 177 00:07:39,330 --> 00:07:35,560 of course highlighted by Mars 178 00:07:40,980 --> 00:07:39,340 perseverance and it's an amazing suite 179 00:07:43,589 --> 00:07:40,990 of course it varies a little bit right 180 00:07:46,110 --> 00:07:43,599 we said goodbye to Spitzer earlier this 181 00:07:48,330 --> 00:07:46,120 year where we're going to say hello to 182 00:07:51,689 --> 00:07:48,340 Mars perseverance over the course of the 183 00:07:54,450 --> 00:07:51,699 next year but it's about three dozen 184 00:07:58,409 --> 00:07:54,460 missions in any given time as you 185 00:08:01,159 --> 00:07:58,419 indicated it's from not only for NASA 186 00:08:03,689 --> 00:08:01,169 so it's NASA's DSN but it really enables 187 00:08:07,800 --> 00:08:03,699 exploration for all of humanity because 188 00:08:10,320 --> 00:08:07,810 in about the center-left there's an XM 189 00:08:12,779 --> 00:08:10,330 ammunition that's actually a European 190 00:08:15,450 --> 00:08:12,789 x-ray Observatory so it's a it's 191 00:08:17,490 --> 00:08:15,460 observing x-rays coming essentially from 192 00:08:19,110 --> 00:08:17,500 beyond the solar system but it's a 193 00:08:24,779 --> 00:08:19,120 European mission some of the data flow 194 00:08:27,659 --> 00:08:24,789 through the the DSN to the right of XM m 195 00:08:29,279 --> 00:08:27,669 is Hayabusa - this is a Japanese mission 196 00:08:31,110 --> 00:08:29,289 in fact that spacecraft is on its way 197 00:08:33,719 --> 00:08:31,120 back from an asteroid is gathered 198 00:08:38,130 --> 00:08:33,729 samples and is coming back to the earth 199 00:08:41,100 --> 00:08:38,140 with them and then in the upper right is 200 00:08:44,040 --> 00:08:41,110 the Mars orbiter mission this is an 201 00:08:47,910 --> 00:08:44,050 Indian mission that is orbiting Mars or 202 00:08:51,449 --> 00:08:47,920 mom and again we are enabling missions 203 00:08:53,939 --> 00:08:51,459 for all of humanity essentially that's 204 00:08:55,230 --> 00:08:53,949 that's pretty amazing that's I mean 205 00:08:56,840 --> 00:08:55,240 number one that we've got that there's a 206 00:09:00,090 --> 00:08:56,850 spacecraft called mom but number two 207 00:09:02,550 --> 00:09:00,100 that we can really this really is 208 00:09:04,500 --> 00:09:02,560 everybody's space doesn't just belong 209 00:09:06,180 --> 00:09:04,510 it's for everybody and that we are so 210 00:09:07,170 --> 00:09:06,190 evolved in that I do want to bring 211 00:09:11,910 --> 00:09:07,180 Heather back into the conversation 212 00:09:13,620 --> 00:09:11,920 because there are ways that you folks at 213 00:09:15,030 --> 00:09:13,630 home can be involved in 214 00:09:17,309 --> 00:09:15,040 the Deep Space Network and some of the 215 00:09:18,600 --> 00:09:17,319 great stuff that they do Heather come on 216 00:09:22,050 --> 00:09:18,610 in here why don't you talk about some of 217 00:09:25,620 --> 00:09:22,060 those outreach areas that they can well 218 00:09:27,300 --> 00:09:25,630 learn about this sure now that you know 219 00:09:28,920 --> 00:09:27,310 a little more about the DSN and I'd love 220 00:09:30,960 --> 00:09:28,930 to share this really cool interactive we 221 00:09:34,740 --> 00:09:30,970 hope we have it's called DSN now and 222 00:09:37,530 --> 00:09:34,750 it's found at eyes nasa.gov slash DSN 223 00:09:39,269 --> 00:09:37,540 and it shows you what spacecraft the DSN 224 00:09:41,639 --> 00:09:39,279 is communicating with right now in a 225 00:09:43,139 --> 00:09:41,649 real-time the interactive tells you a 226 00:09:44,819 --> 00:09:43,149 bit about the spacecraft that each 227 00:09:46,829 --> 00:09:44,829 antenna is communicating with so if you 228 00:09:48,090 --> 00:09:46,839 click on one of the active antennas it 229 00:09:49,439 --> 00:09:48,100 will bring up the spacecraft on the 230 00:09:51,240 --> 00:09:49,449 right-hand side with some additional 231 00:09:53,759 --> 00:09:51,250 information like what it looks like and 232 00:09:55,499 --> 00:09:53,769 how far away it is from Earth so that's 233 00:09:57,749 --> 00:09:55,509 one really cool way to engage with the 234 00:09:59,430 --> 00:09:57,759 DSN live but for those who want to get 235 00:10:01,860 --> 00:09:59,440 the kids involved we also have a fun 236 00:10:04,499 --> 00:10:01,870 video game it's called DSN uplink 237 00:10:07,379 --> 00:10:04,509 downlink and it's found on nasa's space 238 00:10:09,090 --> 00:10:07,389 place website for kids the game involves 239 00:10:10,920 --> 00:10:09,100 moving antennas to uplink and downlink 240 00:10:12,960 --> 00:10:10,930 data from the spacecraft as they quickly 241 00:10:14,699 --> 00:10:12,970 fly by and you have to try to do it in 242 00:10:16,470 --> 00:10:14,709 the shortest amount of time possible so 243 00:10:19,650 --> 00:10:16,480 it's fun to challenge each other to beat 244 00:10:21,150 --> 00:10:19,660 your lowest time with your video we also 245 00:10:22,829 --> 00:10:21,160 have one last kids activity that I'd 246 00:10:25,829 --> 00:10:22,839 like to mention and it's called color 247 00:10:27,569 --> 00:10:25,839 with NASA and our color with NASA DSN 248 00:10:29,939 --> 00:10:27,579 video is with Amy Smith and amy is an 249 00:10:32,009 --> 00:10:29,949 engineer for the DSN who builds these 250 00:10:33,749 --> 00:10:32,019 giant antennas and with her video you 251 00:10:35,850 --> 00:10:33,759 have the option to download videos on 252 00:10:37,350 --> 00:10:35,860 coloring page ahead of time and then as 253 00:10:39,900 --> 00:10:37,360 you watch her video you can color along 254 00:10:41,129 --> 00:10:39,910 along with Amy and her two sons as she 255 00:10:44,400 --> 00:10:41,139 explains the different parts of the 256 00:10:46,620 --> 00:10:44,410 antenna and what they do so now a couple 257 00:10:49,949 --> 00:10:46,630 of questions for dr. Lazio I think we 258 00:10:52,379 --> 00:10:49,959 have a few here to pick from so Joseph 259 00:10:57,300 --> 00:10:52,389 on YouTube wants to know how old is the 260 00:11:01,220 --> 00:10:57,310 Deep Space Network a great question it 261 00:11:03,389 --> 00:11:01,230 celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2013 262 00:11:06,600 --> 00:11:03,399 so I always have to do the math that 263 00:11:09,300 --> 00:11:06,610 makes it fifteen seven years old this 264 00:11:10,470 --> 00:11:09,310 year but yeah it's been around in fact 265 00:11:16,559 --> 00:11:10,480 some of the antennas have been around 266 00:11:19,259 --> 00:11:16,569 since essentially before NASA Wow great 267 00:11:21,240 --> 00:11:19,269 and Timmy on Facebook asks how often our 268 00:11:27,329 --> 00:11:21,250 communications disrupted by solar flares 269 00:11:35,009 --> 00:11:32,069 if they are disrupt infrequent if it's 270 00:11:39,150 --> 00:11:35,019 disrupted it's most likely an issue with 271 00:11:41,699 --> 00:11:39,160 the spacecraft that some aspect of the 272 00:11:44,009 --> 00:11:41,709 Sun stellar went the solar wind will 273 00:11:47,699 --> 00:11:44,019 cause a problem with the spacecraft it 274 00:11:49,079 --> 00:11:47,709 will go into a safe mode but again one 275 00:11:50,519 --> 00:11:49,089 of the reasons for having such large 276 00:11:52,829 --> 00:11:50,529 antennas is that the spacecraft 277 00:11:56,490 --> 00:11:52,839 essentially backup systems or they have 278 00:11:59,309 --> 00:11:56,500 ways of communicating even if they've 279 00:12:02,249 --> 00:11:59,319 been zapped if as it were so they can 280 00:12:03,809 --> 00:12:02,259 essentially call for help and the DSN 281 00:12:05,429 --> 00:12:03,819 antennas are still sensitive enough to 282 00:12:07,920 --> 00:12:05,439 be able to receive their signals and 283 00:12:13,139 --> 00:12:07,930 then send commands up to us some sense 284 00:12:16,290 --> 00:12:13,149 often reboot them great another question 285 00:12:18,689 --> 00:12:16,300 from Facebook from Tim and he asks do 286 00:12:26,610 --> 00:12:18,699 transmissions for the DSN propagate in a 287 00:12:31,670 --> 00:12:26,620 vacuum the same as in air yes the only 288 00:12:34,710 --> 00:12:31,680 difference between going through air and 289 00:12:37,170 --> 00:12:34,720 space is that they travel a little bit 290 00:12:39,960 --> 00:12:37,180 slower fractional amount slower when 291 00:12:44,879 --> 00:12:39,970 they go through air when then when they 292 00:12:47,519 --> 00:12:44,889 go through space and in fact you will 293 00:12:48,720 --> 00:12:47,529 not really touch on it too much but 294 00:12:51,960 --> 00:12:48,730 that's one of the ways we extract 295 00:12:53,670 --> 00:12:51,970 science out of the DSN is by watching 296 00:12:58,100 --> 00:12:53,680 how the signals propagate through 297 00:13:01,259 --> 00:12:58,110 another planet's atmosphere for instance 298 00:13:04,110 --> 00:13:01,269 wow that's really cool and we have 12 299 00:13:06,269 --> 00:13:04,120 year-old astro boy 25 on YouTube who 300 00:13:12,079 --> 00:13:06,279 would like to know how long are the 301 00:13:19,559 --> 00:13:17,850 excellent yeah the DSN still there are 302 00:13:22,710 --> 00:13:19,569 some spacecraft in there that are old 303 00:13:25,530 --> 00:13:22,720 enough that they still use what what in 304 00:13:28,650 --> 00:13:25,540 the DSN is called s-band so this is a 305 00:13:33,360 --> 00:13:28,660 frequency of about 2.3 gigahertz or it's 306 00:13:37,170 --> 00:13:33,370 wavelengths of about 13 centimetres most 307 00:13:40,440 --> 00:13:37,180 of the spacecraft these days use x-band 308 00:13:43,170 --> 00:13:40,450 which is about 8 gigahertz 309 00:13:47,730 --> 00:13:43,180 about four centimeters something like 310 00:13:49,920 --> 00:13:47,740 that and for a variety of reasons it 311 00:13:52,800 --> 00:13:49,930 would be nice to have spacecraft move to 312 00:13:55,400 --> 00:13:52,810 what we call typically around ka-band 313 00:13:57,840 --> 00:13:55,410 which is about 30 gigahertz so that's a 314 00:13:59,550 --> 00:13:57,850 wavelength of about one centimeter and 315 00:14:02,189 --> 00:13:59,560 in fact one of the reasons for moving to 316 00:14:04,769 --> 00:14:02,199 ka-band is it is generally less 317 00:14:14,310 --> 00:14:04,779 susceptible to effects from the solar 318 00:14:16,410 --> 00:14:14,320 wind great Jose on Facebook asks what's 319 00:14:18,449 --> 00:14:16,420 your receiver dynamic range and what is 320 00:14:24,420 --> 00:14:18,459 the faintest signal you can recover and 321 00:14:26,550 --> 00:14:24,430 demodulate well of course the one 322 00:14:28,319 --> 00:14:26,560 example of faintest signal is the 323 00:14:30,420 --> 00:14:28,329 Voyager spacecraft both of which are 324 00:14:34,740 --> 00:14:30,430 beyond now officially beyond the solar 325 00:14:38,550 --> 00:14:34,750 system on you know the the signals are 326 00:14:40,769 --> 00:14:38,560 given in billionths of a watt a better 327 00:14:43,199 --> 00:14:40,779 way of thinking about it is that if you 328 00:14:45,840 --> 00:14:43,209 were to add up all of if you imagine 329 00:14:47,579 --> 00:14:45,850 receiving the signals from Voyager and 330 00:14:49,319 --> 00:14:47,589 asking how long would it take the 331 00:14:51,630 --> 00:14:49,329 antennas to collect enough energy to 332 00:14:53,790 --> 00:14:51,640 power say the light in your refrigerator 333 00:14:55,889 --> 00:14:53,800 that takes something like the age of the 334 00:14:58,620 --> 00:14:55,899 universe so the signals are incredibly 335 00:15:00,269 --> 00:14:58,630 faint and they have to you know the 336 00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:00,279 signal the streamers have to have a 337 00:15:03,689 --> 00:15:02,410 decent dynamic range in order to pick 338 00:15:06,240 --> 00:15:03,699 them out it's actually more about the 339 00:15:08,579 --> 00:15:06,250 backend processing even the receiver 340 00:15:10,740 --> 00:15:08,589 dynamic range per se but but the signals 341 00:15:17,460 --> 00:15:10,750 are incredibly faint and it's measured 342 00:15:20,069 --> 00:15:17,470 in billions of a billions of a lot James 343 00:15:22,769 --> 00:15:20,079 on a yeah one last question yeah okay 344 00:15:24,630 --> 00:15:22,779 our uplink and downlink capabilities of 345 00:15:28,740 --> 00:15:24,640 the DSN sufficient for future manned 346 00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:28,750 lunar and Mars missions yes yes in fact 347 00:15:34,079 --> 00:15:31,810 the DSN some of the things that the DSN 348 00:15:36,210 --> 00:15:34,089 is doing right now is preparing for the 349 00:15:40,290 --> 00:15:36,220 future Artemis launches both the 350 00:15:43,350 --> 00:15:40,300 uncrewed and crewed missions in fact the 351 00:15:45,960 --> 00:15:43,360 DSN was integral to the Apollo missions 352 00:15:50,430 --> 00:15:45,970 and it will be an integral part of the 353 00:15:53,009 --> 00:15:50,440 Artemis missions as well there are a lot 354 00:15:53,790 --> 00:15:53,019 of great science questions that were in 355 00:15:57,600 --> 00:15:53,800 that 356 00:15:59,009 --> 00:15:57,610 this has been called the world's largest 357 00:16:00,829 --> 00:15:59,019 science instrument so it's not just 358 00:16:03,210 --> 00:16:00,839 about sending and receiving data 359 00:16:06,480 --> 00:16:03,220 something's coming up this month and 360 00:16:07,829 --> 00:16:06,490 it's not just Mars 2020 it might be good 361 00:16:09,930 --> 00:16:07,839 way to explain how we use some of these 362 00:16:12,600 --> 00:16:09,940 sites this as a science instrument so if 363 00:16:14,690 --> 00:16:12,610 we bring up image eight tell us what's 364 00:16:17,430 --> 00:16:14,700 going to happen later this month Joe 365 00:16:19,590 --> 00:16:17,440 yeah this is a another example of one of 366 00:16:21,509 --> 00:16:19,600 the missions in the solar system this is 367 00:16:25,410 --> 00:16:21,519 an artist's impression of the Juno 368 00:16:27,860 --> 00:16:25,420 spacecraft over Jupiter later this month 369 00:16:30,750 --> 00:16:27,870 Juno will do what is called a Perry Jove 370 00:16:32,790 --> 00:16:30,760 it has a very elliptical orbit so it 371 00:16:35,519 --> 00:16:32,800 goes very far out for a long time and 372 00:16:39,269 --> 00:16:35,529 then it comes sweeping by Jupiter very 373 00:16:41,790 --> 00:16:39,279 quickly just skimming the cloud tops and 374 00:16:44,220 --> 00:16:41,800 so that is called a Perry Jove that 375 00:16:47,250 --> 00:16:44,230 event is is occurring later this month 376 00:16:48,990 --> 00:16:47,260 so we actually the reason there are a 377 00:16:51,569 --> 00:16:49,000 couple reasons for doing this one of 378 00:16:57,660 --> 00:16:51,579 them is illustrated in the next actually 379 00:17:01,019 --> 00:16:57,670 video the the spacecraft swoops very 380 00:17:03,300 --> 00:17:01,029 close to the cloud tops and if you see 381 00:17:06,510 --> 00:17:03,310 there's a blue curve here so the blue 382 00:17:08,850 --> 00:17:06,520 curve is what we might predict the orbit 383 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:08,860 the trajectory the path of the 384 00:17:14,309 --> 00:17:12,010 spacecraft to be and then the orange 385 00:17:17,329 --> 00:17:14,319 curve is actually what the measured 386 00:17:21,419 --> 00:17:17,339 looking orbit is measured to be so as 387 00:17:24,600 --> 00:17:21,429 the spacecraft moves past Jupiter the 388 00:17:27,150 --> 00:17:24,610 clouds are different height and that 389 00:17:29,580 --> 00:17:27,160 affects the orbit ever-so-slight in fact 390 00:17:31,380 --> 00:17:29,590 let me back up for a second why does the 391 00:17:33,510 --> 00:17:31,390 spacecraft have its orbit it's because 392 00:17:35,909 --> 00:17:33,520 it's being tugged on by the gravity of 393 00:17:38,040 --> 00:17:35,919 Jupiter what causes the gravity of 394 00:17:40,320 --> 00:17:38,050 Jupiter it's the mass of Jupiter 395 00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:40,330 so there's slight changes where the mass 396 00:17:47,100 --> 00:17:43,690 is in Jupiter or any planet that will 397 00:17:48,900 --> 00:17:47,110 affect that will slightly tug on the 398 00:17:50,490 --> 00:17:48,910 orbit of the spacecraft the path of the 399 00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:50,500 spacecraft and so that's what you're 400 00:17:55,650 --> 00:17:53,410 seeing is in this video the orange are 401 00:17:57,419 --> 00:17:55,660 the slight tugs caused by slight 402 00:18:01,020 --> 00:17:57,429 deviation and slight differences in 403 00:18:02,460 --> 00:18:01,030 where the mass is in Jupiter and then 404 00:18:04,890 --> 00:18:02,470 the signal the wavy thing at the bottom 405 00:18:06,900 --> 00:18:04,900 illustrates the that's actually an 406 00:18:07,470 --> 00:18:06,910 example of how one measures the signal 407 00:18:10,590 --> 00:18:07,480 with the D 408 00:18:12,870 --> 00:18:10,600 and the key aspect of the DSN as a 409 00:18:15,480 --> 00:18:12,880 science instrument is that it's 410 00:18:18,350 --> 00:18:15,490 precision is is so high that it can make 411 00:18:21,360 --> 00:18:18,360 these kind of measurements and discern 412 00:18:23,340 --> 00:18:21,370 differences in for instance how deep the 413 00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:23,350 clouds are so if you go to the next 414 00:18:31,080 --> 00:18:28,210 video one of the key one of the key 415 00:18:33,780 --> 00:18:31,090 science aspects of the Juno mission is 416 00:18:35,640 --> 00:18:33,790 to unveiled Jupiter so I've sort of 417 00:18:38,220 --> 00:18:35,650 hinted at it the different clouds are 418 00:18:41,340 --> 00:18:38,230 actually slightly different layers which 419 00:18:43,170 --> 00:18:41,350 means that gravity the tug on the 420 00:18:45,720 --> 00:18:43,180 spacecraft orbit is slightly different 421 00:18:48,090 --> 00:18:45,730 but the precision is so high the 422 00:18:50,820 --> 00:18:48,100 scientists the science team can actually 423 00:18:54,020 --> 00:18:50,830 peer essentially peer into the core of 424 00:18:57,570 --> 00:18:54,030 Jupiter so prior to Geno's launch 425 00:19:00,780 --> 00:18:57,580 everybody expected that it had a rocky 426 00:19:03,210 --> 00:19:00,790 core several times the mass of Earth and 427 00:19:05,850 --> 00:19:03,220 what has been found is that in fact the 428 00:19:08,550 --> 00:19:05,860 core is somewhat more diffuse the 429 00:19:10,830 --> 00:19:08,560 overlying hydrogen has diffused into 430 00:19:12,840 --> 00:19:10,840 that rock and often the technical term 431 00:19:16,740 --> 00:19:12,850 used as the core is more fuzzy than we 432 00:19:21,180 --> 00:19:16,750 thought not before the genome is a 433 00:19:23,040 --> 00:19:21,190 technical term fuzzy I just amazed that 434 00:19:25,110 --> 00:19:23,050 this can be used in that way that this 435 00:19:27,030 --> 00:19:25,120 is used as a science instrument when 436 00:19:29,460 --> 00:19:27,040 we're pretty and that wasn't what it was 437 00:19:31,560 --> 00:19:29,470 designed for back when it was the 438 00:19:33,600 --> 00:19:31,570 origins of this when it was built it's 439 00:19:36,420 --> 00:19:33,610 not just planets it can also work and 440 00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:36,430 detect other things correct that's right 441 00:19:42,500 --> 00:19:40,570 if we go to the next video you couldn't 442 00:19:45,600 --> 00:19:42,510 ask the question well if we can send 443 00:19:48,780 --> 00:19:45,610 commands radio signals up to spacecraft 444 00:19:49,980 --> 00:19:48,790 then the DSN team antennas can send them 445 00:19:52,560 --> 00:19:49,990 to other things as well 446 00:19:54,660 --> 00:19:52,570 this video is illustrating how one would 447 00:19:56,340 --> 00:19:54,670 send a radio signal and have it reflect 448 00:20:00,090 --> 00:19:56,350 off something else in the solar system 449 00:20:01,380 --> 00:20:00,100 like an asteroid or planet and the 450 00:20:03,120 --> 00:20:01,390 listeners may have already figured out 451 00:20:07,140 --> 00:20:03,130 well this is essentially radar so the 452 00:20:09,420 --> 00:20:07,150 DSN does radar by sending powerful radio 453 00:20:10,980 --> 00:20:09,430 signals out into the solar system and 454 00:20:13,590 --> 00:20:10,990 then measuring what happens when they're 455 00:20:16,100 --> 00:20:13,600 reflected off planets or for instance 456 00:20:19,110 --> 00:20:16,110 off asteroids 457 00:20:20,070 --> 00:20:19,120 so science for the DSN just takes us all 458 00:20:22,140 --> 00:20:20,080 over it doesn't just have to be 459 00:20:24,539 --> 00:20:22,150 asteroids or I mean there's some pretty 460 00:20:27,570 --> 00:20:24,549 big discoveries for from using the DSN 461 00:20:31,710 --> 00:20:27,580 as a science instrument that's right if 462 00:20:33,630 --> 00:20:31,720 you go to the next image it shows some 463 00:20:36,180 --> 00:20:33,640 of the key DSN radiant radar 464 00:20:40,320 --> 00:20:36,190 accomplishments everything from 465 00:20:43,289 --> 00:20:40,330 measuring Venus Venus orbits sorry it 466 00:20:47,190 --> 00:20:43,299 rotates the opposite way from Earth 467 00:20:49,140 --> 00:20:47,200 mercury mean and Mars some of the 468 00:20:52,500 --> 00:20:49,150 first-fruit well the first reflections 469 00:20:54,899 --> 00:20:52,510 from the surface of Titan Saturn's mean 470 00:20:59,340 --> 00:20:54,909 that might be kind of what like the 471 00:21:01,770 --> 00:20:59,350 earth was early in its history first 472 00:21:03,060 --> 00:21:01,780 reflections from mercury showing it even 473 00:21:05,370 --> 00:21:03,070 though it's the closest planet to the 474 00:21:07,980 --> 00:21:05,380 Sun and you think maybe really hot there 475 00:21:09,390 --> 00:21:07,990 is what appears to be ice in its polar 476 00:21:12,419 --> 00:21:09,400 regions and it's a North and South Pole 477 00:21:13,980 --> 00:21:12,429 and all of the image that you images 478 00:21:17,399 --> 00:21:13,990 that are seen here on the right hand 479 00:21:20,250 --> 00:21:17,409 side these are radar images from 480 00:21:22,500 --> 00:21:20,260 spacecraft that actually went visited 481 00:21:25,049 --> 00:21:22,510 these different places being as Titan 482 00:21:26,640 --> 00:21:25,059 and Mercury but the key thing is one of 483 00:21:29,399 --> 00:21:26,650 the reasons that they carried radar was 484 00:21:32,610 --> 00:21:29,409 the fundamental foundational work that 485 00:21:34,590 --> 00:21:32,620 the DSN radar did to suggest here are 486 00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:34,600 new science questions that really demand 487 00:21:43,440 --> 00:21:37,570 a spacecraft carry a very big powerful 488 00:21:45,510 --> 00:21:43,450 radar instruments on this feels awesome 489 00:21:47,039 --> 00:21:45,520 but it also feels far away I mean it is 490 00:21:48,149 --> 00:21:47,049 the Deep Space Network so that makes 491 00:21:50,760 --> 00:21:48,159 sense 492 00:21:54,570 --> 00:21:50,770 but are there any practical aspects for 493 00:21:57,570 --> 00:21:54,580 us here on earth and that this could be 494 00:22:01,140 --> 00:21:57,580 relevant for us oh definitely 495 00:22:03,810 --> 00:22:01,150 the next image shows or the next both 496 00:22:05,310 --> 00:22:03,820 yeah the next image shows an example one 497 00:22:07,289 --> 00:22:05,320 of the things that the the Goldstone 498 00:22:10,740 --> 00:22:07,299 radar does very frequently these days 499 00:22:11,850 --> 00:22:10,750 which is observe asteroids and there are 500 00:22:16,500 --> 00:22:11,860 a couple of reasons for observing 501 00:22:19,350 --> 00:22:16,510 asteroids one is against audience this 502 00:22:23,720 --> 00:22:19,360 this asteroid that you see here which 503 00:22:26,580 --> 00:22:23,730 goes by the prosaic name of 2017 dq6 504 00:22:28,620 --> 00:22:26,590 you can see that it's it's not round it 505 00:22:31,260 --> 00:22:28,630 has these very sharp angular 506 00:22:33,300 --> 00:22:31,270 features with facets and in fact when 507 00:22:34,920 --> 00:22:33,310 press release came out showing his image 508 00:22:38,910 --> 00:22:34,930 it said it compared it to a dungeon & 509 00:22:40,380 --> 00:22:38,920 dragon die one of the other important 510 00:22:41,670 --> 00:22:40,390 reasons there are there will be 511 00:22:43,350 --> 00:22:41,680 spacecraft Dhoni 512 00:22:46,320 --> 00:22:43,360 actually there are spacecraft at 513 00:22:49,620 --> 00:22:46,330 asteroids now going soon but that first 514 00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:49,630 video of the radar you could think about 515 00:22:56,070 --> 00:22:52,810 well if I can time how long it takes to 516 00:22:58,590 --> 00:22:56,080 go from the radar the radio radar signal 517 00:23:00,300 --> 00:22:58,600 go from the DSN bounce off and come back 518 00:23:02,610 --> 00:23:00,310 there are no how far way they the 519 00:23:04,530 --> 00:23:02,620 asteroid is and so that allows me to get 520 00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:04,540 its orbit which is important for sending 521 00:23:09,510 --> 00:23:07,210 a spacecraft there this movie is 522 00:23:13,260 --> 00:23:09,520 actually showing an example another de 523 00:23:15,240 --> 00:23:13,270 science discovery of a little moon 524 00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:15,250 around one of the asteroids one of the 525 00:23:20,040 --> 00:23:18,010 final reasons for doing the radar work 526 00:23:22,650 --> 00:23:20,050 is that if we get the orbit very 527 00:23:25,770 --> 00:23:22,660 precisely we can predict where the 528 00:23:27,330 --> 00:23:25,780 asteroid will be in the future and that 529 00:23:29,130 --> 00:23:27,340 allows us to assess what is the 530 00:23:31,050 --> 00:23:29,140 probability what is the chance that it's 531 00:23:34,170 --> 00:23:31,060 going to hit the earth now at the moment 532 00:23:36,720 --> 00:23:34,180 you know of nothing and absolutely no 533 00:23:38,940 --> 00:23:36,730 chance but there are our new asteroids 534 00:23:41,190 --> 00:23:38,950 being discovered all the time so when 535 00:23:43,740 --> 00:23:41,200 the radar can illuminate one of these 536 00:23:45,660 --> 00:23:43,750 things and determine its orbit that is 537 00:23:49,580 --> 00:23:45,670 used as part of the determination of 538 00:23:53,580 --> 00:23:49,590 what is the possibility of future impact 539 00:23:57,120 --> 00:23:53,590 so orbit determination with objects that 540 00:23:59,190 --> 00:23:57,130 are coming towards us the DSN is a part 541 00:24:02,700 --> 00:23:59,200 of it really helps us detect those 542 00:24:05,480 --> 00:24:02,710 things out there but they're the only 543 00:24:08,780 --> 00:24:05,490 ones that are doing that right now right 544 00:24:11,460 --> 00:24:08,790 not quite the the next image shows 545 00:24:13,080 --> 00:24:11,470 actually the world's radar in for 546 00:24:16,110 --> 00:24:13,090 planetary invade our infrastructure so 547 00:24:19,680 --> 00:24:16,120 the the antenna in the upper left is the 548 00:24:22,500 --> 00:24:19,690 Goldstone radar the antenna in the upper 549 00:24:26,460 --> 00:24:22,510 right is the Arecibo Observatory Arecibo 550 00:24:29,640 --> 00:24:26,470 telescope in Puerto Rico and these are 551 00:24:33,390 --> 00:24:29,650 all most if so Arecibo has a very 552 00:24:35,700 --> 00:24:33,400 powerful radar it's a very it's it's 300 553 00:24:38,880 --> 00:24:35,710 meters in diameter but as you can tell 554 00:24:42,399 --> 00:24:38,890 it's built into a valley so it can only 555 00:24:46,999 --> 00:24:42,409 see a fraction in the sky about 1/3 556 00:24:49,580 --> 00:24:47,009 goldstone is a little bit smaller but it 557 00:24:52,039 --> 00:24:49,590 can observe us as you can sort of hint 558 00:24:55,009 --> 00:24:52,049 by the shape of it it can be pointed 559 00:24:56,450 --> 00:24:55,019 nearly anywhere in the sky at least in 560 00:24:59,060 --> 00:24:56,460 the northern hemisphere so we can see 561 00:25:01,909 --> 00:24:59,070 about 75% of its stock and the two of 562 00:25:04,490 --> 00:25:01,919 them together is what we use for some of 563 00:25:07,879 --> 00:25:04,500 the orbit determination from asteroid 564 00:25:10,700 --> 00:25:07,889 radar in the lower right is the Green 565 00:25:12,799 --> 00:25:10,710 Bank telescope this is does not have a 566 00:25:14,720 --> 00:25:12,809 radar attached to it but it's a very 567 00:25:17,299 --> 00:25:14,730 it's a hundred meter telescope it's big 568 00:25:19,940 --> 00:25:17,309 it's sensitive so it sometimes is used 569 00:25:22,310 --> 00:25:19,950 for by static observations in which 570 00:25:24,619 --> 00:25:22,320 Goldstone or Arecibo transmits and 571 00:25:26,419 --> 00:25:24,629 Greenbank which seems and that's 572 00:25:29,090 --> 00:25:26,429 particularly important when an asteroid 573 00:25:33,049 --> 00:25:29,100 is close by and then the lower left is 574 00:25:34,759 --> 00:25:33,059 the Canberra 70 antenna this is one of 575 00:25:37,789 --> 00:25:34,769 the sisters to Goldstone 70-meter 576 00:25:39,110 --> 00:25:37,799 antenna and it has a not quite as part 577 00:25:42,499 --> 00:25:39,120 back it's at the moment it's being 578 00:25:45,320 --> 00:25:42,509 upgraded but next year it will come back 579 00:25:47,810 --> 00:25:45,330 it will have a more powerful transmitter 580 00:25:50,389 --> 00:25:47,820 than it did last year it won't be quite 581 00:25:51,919 --> 00:25:50,399 as strong as Goldstone still but it will 582 00:25:53,539 --> 00:25:51,929 form the complement it will help form 583 00:25:57,169 --> 00:25:53,549 the complement of what the world has for 584 00:25:59,509 --> 00:25:57,179 for planetary makeup so there's a lot of 585 00:26:01,639 --> 00:25:59,519 collaboration not just with the Deep 586 00:26:04,480 --> 00:26:01,649 Space Network helping other agencies but 587 00:26:06,470 --> 00:26:04,490 also with this with orbit trajectory 588 00:26:09,230 --> 00:26:06,480 Heather you know something a little bit 589 00:26:11,029 --> 00:26:09,240 about collaboration why don't you come 590 00:26:13,389 --> 00:26:11,039 back in here and tell us a few things 591 00:26:16,399 --> 00:26:13,399 that might be helpful for everybody 592 00:26:18,379 --> 00:26:16,409 sure another amazing thing about the DSN 593 00:26:20,749 --> 00:26:18,389 is we have 134 meter antennas 594 00:26:22,730 --> 00:26:20,759 specifically dedicated only to education 595 00:26:24,830 --> 00:26:22,740 so it's called the Goldstone Apple 596 00:26:27,049 --> 00:26:24,840 Valley radio telescope or gabart and 597 00:26:29,180 --> 00:26:27,059 it's found at the Goldstone DSN Complex 598 00:26:31,009 --> 00:26:29,190 here in California it's a one-of-a-kind 599 00:26:32,629 --> 00:26:31,019 educational program in partnership with 600 00:26:34,759 --> 00:26:32,639 the Louis Center for educational 601 00:26:36,649 --> 00:26:34,769 research and after a teacher training 602 00:26:38,869 --> 00:26:36,659 and some initial lessons students get to 603 00:26:40,700 --> 00:26:38,879 control the gabart antenna live by 604 00:26:42,799 --> 00:26:40,710 typing in coordinates to a specific 605 00:26:44,990 --> 00:26:42,809 target that relates to one of the four 606 00:26:47,509 --> 00:26:45,000 programs they get to choose from which 607 00:26:49,610 --> 00:26:47,519 are SETI Jupiter quest Solar patrol or 608 00:26:51,169 --> 00:26:49,620 black hole patrol then the students 609 00:26:53,210 --> 00:26:51,179 watch the data come down and help 610 00:26:55,880 --> 00:26:53,220 process it there by participating in 611 00:26:57,740 --> 00:26:55,890 real scientific research so teach 612 00:26:59,210 --> 00:26:57,750 or informal educators who are interested 613 00:27:03,650 --> 00:26:59,220 in learning more about this program can 614 00:27:06,290 --> 00:27:03,660 go to gabart Gav Artie Lewis Center org 615 00:27:09,260 --> 00:27:06,300 and I see there are a few more questions 616 00:27:12,020 --> 00:27:09,270 for dr. Lazio Ronald on YouTube would 617 00:27:17,320 --> 00:27:12,030 like to know how long does it take to 618 00:27:29,450 --> 00:27:20,480 the furthest would be the voyagers and 619 00:27:31,700 --> 00:27:29,460 that takes about 40 hours alright on 620 00:27:33,920 --> 00:27:31,710 YouTube is asking how do you gain 621 00:27:41,500 --> 00:27:33,930 control of communication when an antenna 622 00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:46,190 well we actually I guess I didn't quite 623 00:27:53,180 --> 00:27:49,410 say this earlier each complex has 624 00:27:55,640 --> 00:27:53,190 multiple antennas so there's 170 meter 625 00:27:57,710 --> 00:27:55,650 ready antenna each complex and then 626 00:28:00,020 --> 00:27:57,720 there are multiple 34 meter at PI 627 00:28:02,660 --> 00:28:00,030 antennas in fact there are two under 628 00:28:05,720 --> 00:28:02,670 construction currently in Madrid in 629 00:28:06,950 --> 00:28:05,730 Spain and preparations are being our 630 00:28:10,850 --> 00:28:06,960 preparations are underway to build 631 00:28:12,980 --> 00:28:10,860 another one at Goldstone so the idea is 632 00:28:15,560 --> 00:28:12,990 if something were to happen to one of 633 00:28:18,980 --> 00:28:15,570 the antennas at a complex there are 634 00:28:21,110 --> 00:28:18,990 other antennas around to essentially 635 00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:21,120 pick up the load or that can shuffle 636 00:28:28,040 --> 00:28:24,810 things around and it depends upon the 637 00:28:29,990 --> 00:28:28,050 severity of what's happening when there 638 00:28:32,780 --> 00:28:30,000 are particularly high-profile events of 639 00:28:35,350 --> 00:28:32,790 course often multiple antennas will be 640 00:28:39,530 --> 00:28:35,360 directed toward that particular 641 00:28:41,120 --> 00:28:39,540 high-profile event so that if for some 642 00:28:42,410 --> 00:28:41,130 reason something happens to want to 643 00:28:49,050 --> 00:28:42,420 intent of this there's another one 644 00:28:52,620 --> 00:28:49,060 that's on on the target as well great 645 00:28:54,360 --> 00:28:52,630 James on Facebook asks is NASA looking 646 00:28:56,670 --> 00:28:54,370 at replacement of the DSN with 647 00:29:02,100 --> 00:28:56,680 navigation systems such as the pulsar 648 00:29:05,940 --> 00:29:02,110 x-ray navigation no not at the current 649 00:29:09,120 --> 00:29:05,950 time there's that's been in a research 650 00:29:12,510 --> 00:29:09,130 project but certainly for the 651 00:29:16,020 --> 00:29:12,520 foreseeable future the navigation will 652 00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:16,030 be performed either by radio possibly in 653 00:29:22,350 --> 00:29:18,250 the future by some optical means in fact 654 00:29:24,750 --> 00:29:22,360 I guess I should clarify that a bit in 655 00:29:28,830 --> 00:29:24,760 some cases for instance when New 656 00:29:30,840 --> 00:29:28,840 Horizons swung past Pluto part of the 657 00:29:33,120 --> 00:29:30,850 navigation was done by taking pictures 658 00:29:35,340 --> 00:29:33,130 and optical pictures visible wavelength 659 00:29:37,770 --> 00:29:35,350 pictures from the spacecraft and using 660 00:29:41,490 --> 00:29:37,780 that to position where the spacecraft is 661 00:29:45,510 --> 00:29:41,500 relative to the well relatively where it 662 00:29:47,370 --> 00:29:45,520 was papito but that that is a well proof 663 00:29:50,460 --> 00:29:47,380 both of those are well proven techniques 664 00:29:51,960 --> 00:29:50,470 they make use of the technologies that 665 00:29:54,060 --> 00:29:51,970 are probably going to be carried by the 666 00:29:55,860 --> 00:29:54,070 spacecraft anyway so for the foreseeable 667 00:29:57,570 --> 00:29:55,870 future certainly for the next half 668 00:30:02,010 --> 00:29:57,580 century or so I think radio and optical 669 00:30:04,800 --> 00:30:02,020 will be the way to go so lots of DSN for 670 00:30:08,760 --> 00:30:04,810 a while that's wonderful got time for a 671 00:30:10,530 --> 00:30:08,770 few more Heather okay veikkaus on 672 00:30:12,810 --> 00:30:10,540 youtube wants to know how do you ensure 673 00:30:17,540 --> 00:30:12,820 that the signals coming from Voyager are 674 00:30:26,460 --> 00:30:23,970 the well actually I suppose the most 675 00:30:28,590 --> 00:30:26,470 simple answer to that is if you imagine 676 00:30:31,620 --> 00:30:28,600 all those science fiction movies with a 677 00:30:36,630 --> 00:30:31,630 very dense asteroid though that science 678 00:30:39,240 --> 00:30:36,640 fiction the asteroid belt is a belt in 679 00:30:41,730 --> 00:30:39,250 the sense of it has more asteroids in it 680 00:30:43,320 --> 00:30:41,740 than elsewhere in the solar system but 681 00:30:45,120 --> 00:30:43,330 you could travel a long time in the 682 00:30:48,150 --> 00:30:45,130 asteroid belt but never hit anything big 683 00:30:50,570 --> 00:30:48,160 and certainly nothing there's not enough 684 00:30:53,220 --> 00:30:50,580 material in the asteroid belt to absorb 685 00:30:56,490 --> 00:30:53,230 anything anything close to any of the 686 00:30:59,400 --> 00:30:56,500 signals and and for that matter even you 687 00:31:02,330 --> 00:30:59,410 know the signals from Voyager penetrate 688 00:31:04,370 --> 00:31:02,340 clouds quite happily here on earth 689 00:31:08,750 --> 00:31:04,380 so the for all intents and purposes the 690 00:31:12,090 --> 00:31:08,760 asteroid belt is is transparent 691 00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:15,990 okay mark on Facebook wants to know what 692 00:31:24,150 --> 00:31:18,010 happens to the DSN when we switch over 693 00:31:28,020 --> 00:31:24,160 to optical signals a good question 694 00:31:30,810 --> 00:31:28,030 in fact I alluded to the preparations 695 00:31:33,960 --> 00:31:30,820 that are being done at Goldstone for the 696 00:31:36,180 --> 00:31:33,970 next 34 meter antenna that antenna is 697 00:31:37,410 --> 00:31:36,190 intended to be a hybrid antenna so it 698 00:31:39,660 --> 00:31:37,420 will be a radio antenna 699 00:31:42,750 --> 00:31:39,670 it will look all we essentially like all 700 00:31:45,570 --> 00:31:42,760 of its 34 meter sisters except that the 701 00:31:48,300 --> 00:31:45,580 inner portions of the panel's the 702 00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:48,310 metallic panels or will be replaced by 703 00:31:54,210 --> 00:31:52,210 nears and the intent is to enable both 704 00:31:59,400 --> 00:31:54,220 radio and optical functions from the 705 00:32:01,920 --> 00:31:59,410 same antenna and/or laser communication 706 00:32:04,040 --> 00:32:01,930 and the idea part of the idea is that 707 00:32:06,210 --> 00:32:04,050 the antenna is already a big stiff 708 00:32:08,340 --> 00:32:06,220 platform on which you can mount the 709 00:32:10,020 --> 00:32:08,350 mirror so you can use it either as a 710 00:32:13,050 --> 00:32:10,030 receiver for an optical or laser 711 00:32:19,590 --> 00:32:13,060 communication or as the standard radio 712 00:32:22,170 --> 00:32:19,600 frequency right cool very schewe on 713 00:32:28,620 --> 00:32:22,180 facebook asks is the DSN being used to 714 00:32:31,050 --> 00:32:28,630 look for any et signals not not 715 00:32:33,660 --> 00:32:31,060 intentionally other than Heather you 716 00:32:36,510 --> 00:32:33,670 already referred to the the SETI prior 717 00:32:37,350 --> 00:32:36,520 project within gabart study of course 718 00:32:38,610 --> 00:32:37,360 stands for the search for 719 00:32:41,150 --> 00:32:38,620 extraterrestrial intelligence so 720 00:32:44,490 --> 00:32:41,160 students are certainly engaged through 721 00:32:49,020 --> 00:32:44,500 the gabart and town in conducting SETI 722 00:32:53,130 --> 00:32:49,030 observations and I think we've got time 723 00:32:55,890 --> 00:32:53,140 for one more question Heather okay Fred 724 00:32:58,410 --> 00:32:55,900 on Facebook asks how does the receive 725 00:33:02,370 --> 00:32:58,420 data get back to JPL does it go back via 726 00:33:04,260 --> 00:33:02,380 satellite or terrestrial networks yes it 727 00:33:07,760 --> 00:33:04,270 goes by terrestrial network so that's 728 00:33:10,710 --> 00:33:07,770 another part of how the signals of the 729 00:33:13,290 --> 00:33:10,720 aspects to which Brian what started the 730 00:33:15,120 --> 00:33:13,300 signals once they were hit the complexes 731 00:33:17,280 --> 00:33:15,130 then they get transformed into 732 00:33:18,540 --> 00:33:17,290 electrical signals they're sent over 733 00:33:23,010 --> 00:33:18,550 essentially over the Internet 734 00:33:24,870 --> 00:33:23,020 well back to JPL so in fact sometime in 735 00:33:25,769 --> 00:33:24,880 the future if you're when you are able 736 00:33:28,289 --> 00:33:25,779 to take a tour 737 00:33:29,580 --> 00:33:28,299 JPL there is a place at JPL called the 738 00:33:32,339 --> 00:33:29,590 center of the universe because all the 739 00:33:35,969 --> 00:33:32,349 DSN signals run through the Charles 740 00:33:37,589 --> 00:33:35,979 elachi Control Center at JPL before then 741 00:33:42,359 --> 00:33:37,599 they go out to the science teams across 742 00:33:44,450 --> 00:33:42,369 the world so before we wrap up because 743 00:33:47,159 --> 00:33:44,460 though there's so many great questions 744 00:33:48,509 --> 00:33:47,169 and thank you everybody for being 745 00:33:51,239 --> 00:33:48,519 involved in this conversation tonight 746 00:33:52,619 --> 00:33:51,249 but before we go Joe I showed us the 747 00:33:55,320 --> 00:33:52,629 amazing capabilities of the Deep Space 748 00:33:59,820 --> 00:33:55,330 Network I mean if you really had to boil 749 00:34:03,570 --> 00:33:59,830 it down why is the Deep Space Network so 750 00:34:05,549 --> 00:34:03,580 important it's it's one of those 751 00:34:08,430 --> 00:34:05,559 foundational aspects of space 752 00:34:11,039 --> 00:34:08,440 exploration so it's it's very easy to 753 00:34:12,659 --> 00:34:11,049 get attracted to the intrepid spacecraft 754 00:34:16,379 --> 00:34:12,669 going where no spacecraft has gone 755 00:34:19,139 --> 00:34:16,389 before right but if that spacecraft 756 00:34:20,460 --> 00:34:19,149 doesn't have a way to send data back to 757 00:34:22,529 --> 00:34:20,470 the earth if you don't have a way to 758 00:34:26,190 --> 00:34:22,539 send commands to it without that 759 00:34:29,609 --> 00:34:26,200 foundational infrastructure such as the 760 00:34:31,529 --> 00:34:29,619 DSN then we can't make the discoveries 761 00:34:34,919 --> 00:34:31,539 that we want to make we can't in the 762 00:34:37,049 --> 00:34:34,929 future send humans out into space so if 763 00:34:38,639 --> 00:34:37,059 you just think of the same thing as the 764 00:34:41,460 --> 00:34:38,649 internet connections or a cell phone 765 00:34:43,919 --> 00:34:41,470 connection if you lose that it can be a 766 00:34:46,349 --> 00:34:43,929 really bad day and so the DSN it's one 767 00:34:49,609 --> 00:34:46,359 of these foundational aspects sometimes 768 00:34:52,049 --> 00:34:49,619 that invisible but always there and 769 00:34:55,440 --> 00:34:52,059 don't leave earth without us if you want 770 00:34:57,029 --> 00:34:55,450 to go explore space don't leave work 771 00:34:59,670 --> 00:34:57,039 without you if you want to go in the 772 00:35:01,589 --> 00:34:59,680 Splore space I think that's a wonderful 773 00:35:03,180 --> 00:35:01,599 thing to end this on I'm folks that's 774 00:35:05,190 --> 00:35:03,190 all the time we have for this evening I 775 00:35:07,289 --> 00:35:05,200 would like to thank dr. Joe Lazio 776 00:35:08,910 --> 00:35:07,299 Heather Doyle and everyone involved 777 00:35:11,250 --> 00:35:08,920 behind the scenes that really make these 778 00:35:12,720 --> 00:35:11,260 talks possible and I'd like to thank you 779 00:35:15,660 --> 00:35:12,730 once again our audience at home for 780 00:35:17,789 --> 00:35:15,670 tuning in and engaging with us your 781 00:35:19,740 --> 00:35:17,799 voice is your questions really this is 782 00:35:22,079 --> 00:35:19,750 your space program and we want you to be 783 00:35:24,900 --> 00:35:22,089 a part of it next month we will be 784 00:35:27,569 --> 00:35:24,910 asking the question Venus Earth's evil 785 00:35:30,420 --> 00:35:27,579 twin or just misunderstood we hope to